Equality of Citizens and Non-Citizens in the EU Essay -- Social Welfar

Introduction The territory of the European Union (EU) hosts roughly 500 million people. Are they all equal in their rights? Definitely not. One of legal dividing lines lies between the nationals of EU Member States (Citizen) and third-country nationals (TCNs) whose citizenship belongs to a non-EU country. Nationality therefore does matter in EU law: it confers different statuses. The paper compares the two separate legal regimes that are applicable to EU citizens and TCNs respectively. Due to the narrow scope of this essay, the analytical focus adopted here is under four major limitations. First, legal migrants coming from outside the EU constitute several different categories (for instance, economic migration, family reunion or migration of students, pupils, trainees, and volunteers) in EU law, which is even more complex because of privileged TCNs who gain their status from special arrangements between their own country and the EU, furthermore Schengen visa requirements mean additional classification along a different dimension. The essay deals only with non-privileged long-term residents (LTRs) as defined by the Council Directive 2003/109/EC concerning the status of third-country nationals who are long-term residents (LTRs Directive) . Second, both EU citizens’ and LTRs’ rights comprise several dimensions (for example, access to employment, fa mily reunification or social grants) but this study is mainly focused on their entitlements to move and reside within the territory of the EU. Third, the main concern of this paper is restrictions to the previously mentioned rights of both categories of persons. Fourth, the family members neither of Citizens nor TCNs are not part of the main body of this analysis. Subsequently, the e... ...and citizenship tests in several countries as a new way of selecting immigrants. Shift away from viewing integration as a positive social measure and towards predominantly viewing it as a repressive immigration measure can be noticed. Works Cited 1. Anton-Mathew-Morgan. In R. 2. Aust. In R. 3. Byers-Chesterman. In R. 4. Cassese. In R. 5. Crawford-Olleson. In R. 6. Evans. In R. 7. Fitzmaurice. In R. 8. Franca’s presentation. 9. Freestone-Salman. In R. 10. http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/United-Nations/Law-of-the-Sea.html 11. http://www.un.org/Depts/los/convention_agreements/convention_historical_perspective.htm 12. Openheim. In R. 13. Rio Declaration 14. Sands. In R. 15. Slide on ’The nine pillars of the common heritage of mankind’. 16. Slides on ’History’ 17. Slides on ‘Climate Change’ 18. Tuerk. In R. 19. UN Charter 20. UNHCR. In R. Equality of Citizens and Non-Citizens in the EU Essay -- Social Welfar Introduction The territory of the European Union (EU) hosts roughly 500 million people. Are they all equal in their rights? Definitely not. One of legal dividing lines lies between the nationals of EU Member States (Citizen) and third-country nationals (TCNs) whose citizenship belongs to a non-EU country. Nationality therefore does matter in EU law: it confers different statuses. The paper compares the two separate legal regimes that are applicable to EU citizens and TCNs respectively. Due to the narrow scope of this essay, the analytical focus adopted here is under four major limitations. First, legal migrants coming from outside the EU constitute several different categories (for instance, economic migration, family reunion or migration of students, pupils, trainees, and volunteers) in EU law, which is even more complex because of privileged TCNs who gain their status from special arrangements between their own country and the EU, furthermore Schengen visa requirements mean additional classification along a different dimension. The essay deals only with non-privileged long-term residents (LTRs) as defined by the Council Directive 2003/109/EC concerning the status of third-country nationals who are long-term residents (LTRs Directive) . Second, both EU citizens’ and LTRs’ rights comprise several dimensions (for example, access to employment, fa mily reunification or social grants) but this study is mainly focused on their entitlements to move and reside within the territory of the EU. Third, the main concern of this paper is restrictions to the previously mentioned rights of both categories of persons. Fourth, the family members neither of Citizens nor TCNs are not part of the main body of this analysis. Subsequently, the e... ...and citizenship tests in several countries as a new way of selecting immigrants. Shift away from viewing integration as a positive social measure and towards predominantly viewing it as a repressive immigration measure can be noticed. Works Cited 1. Anton-Mathew-Morgan. In R. 2. Aust. In R. 3. Byers-Chesterman. In R. 4. Cassese. In R. 5. Crawford-Olleson. In R. 6. Evans. In R. 7. Fitzmaurice. In R. 8. Franca’s presentation. 9. Freestone-Salman. In R. 10. http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/United-Nations/Law-of-the-Sea.html 11. http://www.un.org/Depts/los/convention_agreements/convention_historical_perspective.htm 12. Openheim. In R. 13. Rio Declaration 14. Sands. In R. 15. Slide on ’The nine pillars of the common heritage of mankind’. 16. Slides on ’History’ 17. Slides on ‘Climate Change’ 18. Tuerk. In R. 19. UN Charter 20. UNHCR. In R.

North Korea as a Nuclear power

It is now known that North Korea, continuing on the path of defying the international community, became a nuclear nation, or is close to becoming one within a short period of time, depending on a variety of factors.The latest declaration of the North Korean government regarding conducting a nuclear test is bringing the chapter of this country in what concerns its relations with the rest of the world to its final phases.According to Abramowitz and Lynch (2006), the White House wants the various members of the United Nations, especially those with permanent seats in the Security Council, to agree on immediate measures that can be considered as punitive actions against the government in Pyongyang. The two authors state that there are still doubts and questions concerning the â€Å"the strength and success of the reported North Korean explosion, but there was little doubt among White House officials, lawmakers and outside experts that the action added a volatile new ingredient to an alr eady dangerous world environment†.The doubts concerning the test are caused by two factors: First, that the United States and other countries do not trust what the regime of North Korea says, and the second is what was stated by Naughton and Knight (2006) when they reported that the test was done through the detenation of bomb underground, and that the explosion caused an earthquake measuring about 3.6 on the Richter scale. This gives us an idea that the explosive device was of some size around 500 tonnes, which makes its power reach the equivalent of one-thirtieth of the power of the bomb deployed against the city of Hiroshima at the end of the World War II.Even though there is total agreement between the permanent members of the Security Council to condemn this action, there are still certain doubts about the next steps to be taken. As it is widely known, North Korea is practically suffering from a regime of sanctions imposed on it by many countries (including the United Sta tes), but there are other elements to take into consideration. As Nichols (2006) reports, â€Å"despite the hard-edged rhetoric, foreign policy analysts and nuclear experts pointed out the obvious: World powers have tried to bully, threaten, cajole, entice, sanction and sweet talk North Korea into the community of nations for 50 years, without success.†This is a difficult reality to deal with, especially when we know that countries like China (and maybe Russia) are always reluctant whenever the discussions reach the point of severe sanctions. According to Jim Walsh, a North Korea expert at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the United States and Japan do not really have many options if China refuses to pass a strong resolution against North Korea (Nichols, 2006)The image that we have about North Korea, according to Harrison (2006), is not a correct one. The country is politically stable and is growing economically. â€Å"North Korea is stable and there is more econom ic activity in Pyongyang than I have ever seen—more cars and bicycles, better-dressed people, more restaurants, more small mom and pop stores, and above all more interest in making money.†From this angle, we can understand why sanctions did not work in the past, and why it is possible that it would not work in the future; in addition to the fact that North Korean officials have already declared that â€Å"sanctions imposed by the US were a declaration of war, and had forced it [the government of North Korea] to go ahead with plans for testing.† The worrying factor here is the impact that is expected on the countries in the region: â€Å"There are fears that a North Korean nuclear test could trigger a regional arms race. Japan could seek its own nuclear deterrent in a move that could aggravate historical tensions between Japan on one hand and China and South Korea on the other† (The Guardian).The government in North Korea is a dictatorship that has a terrib le record in what concerns human rights and the persecution of political opposition and with subjects related to public freedoms. When a regime like that is allowed (or not completely opposed) to possessing nuclear weapons, this would create a grave threat to the world and it should be taken seriously.The duty of the international community is to responsibly deal with this responsibly, and to go through all the options that should stop the threat of a nuclear North Korea.REFERENCESAbramowitz, M. &   Lynch, C. (2006, October 10). U.S. Urges Sanctions on North Korea.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Washington Post. Retrieved October 10, 2006Naughton, P., & Knight, S. (2006, october 9). World searches for response to North Korea nuclear   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ‘test’. Times Online. Retrieved October 11, 2006 from:http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,3-2395600,00.htmlNichols, B. (2006, October 19). Condemnation swift, but options are limited. USA Today.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã ‚  Ã‚   Retrieved October 11, 2006, from:http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2006-10-09-nuke-test-reaction_x.htmHarrison, S. (2005, September 19). North Korea: A Nuclear Threat. Newsweek International.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Retrieved October 10, 2006Pyongyang defiant over nuclear test. (2006, October 4). The Guardian. Retrieved October 10, 2006, from:   http://www.guardian.co.uk/korea/article/0,,1887353,00.html North Korea as a nuclear power It is now known that North Korea, continuing on the path of defying the international community, became a nuclear nation, or is close to becoming one within a short period of time, depending on a variety of factors.The latest declaration of the North Korean government regarding conducting a nuclear test is bringing the chapter of this country in what concerns its relations with the rest of the world to its final phases.According to Abramowitz and Lynch (2006), the White House wants the various members of the United Nations, especially those with permanent seats in the Security Council, to agree on immediate measures that can be considered as punitive actions against the government in Pyongyang. The two authors state that there are still doubts and questions concerning the â€Å"the strength and success of the reported North Korean explosion, but there was little doubt among White House officials, lawmakers and outside experts that the action added a volatile new ingredient to an alr eady dangerous world environment†.The doubts concerning the test are caused by two factors: First, that the United States and other countries do not trust what the regime of North Korea says, and the second is what was stated by Naughton and Knight (2006) when they reported that the test was done through the detenation of bomb underground, and that the explosion caused an earthquake measuring about 3.6 on the Richter scale. This gives us an idea that the explosive device was of some size around 500 tonnes, which makes its power reach the equivalent of one-thirtieth of the power of the bomb deployed against the city of Hiroshima at the end of the World War II.Even though there is total agreement between the permanent members of the Security Council to condemn this action, there are still certain doubts about the next steps to be taken. As it is widely known, North Korea is practically suffering from a regime of sanctions imposed on it by many countries (including the United Sta tes), but there are other elements to take into consideration. As Nichols (2006) reports, â€Å"despite the hard-edged rhetoric, foreign policy analysts and nuclear experts pointed out the obvious: World powers have tried to bully, threaten, cajole, entice, sanction and sweet talk North Korea into the community of nations for 50 years, without success.†This is a difficult reality to deal with, especially when we know that countries like China (and maybe Russia) are always reluctant whenever the discussions reach the point of severe sanctions. According to Jim Walsh, a North Korea expert at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the United States and Japan do not really have many options if China refuses to pass a strong resolution against North Korea (Nichols, 2006)The image that we have about North Korea, according to Harrison (2006), is not a correct one. The country is politically stable and is growing economically. â€Å"North Korea is stable and there is more econom ic activity in Pyongyang than I have ever seen—more cars and bicycles, better-dressed people, more restaurants, more small mom and pop stores, and above all more interest in making money.†From this angle, we can understand why sanctions did not work in the past, and why it is possible that it would not work in the future; in addition to the fact that North Korean officials have already declared that â€Å"sanctions imposed by the US were a declaration of war, and had forced it [the government of North Korea] to go ahead with plans for testing.† The worrying factor here is the impact that is expected on the countries in the region: â€Å"There are fears that a North Korean nuclear test could trigger a regional arms race. Japan could seek its own nuclear deterrent in a move that could aggravate historical tensions between Japan on one hand and China and South Korea on the other† (The Guardian).The government in North Korea is a dictatorship that has a terrib le record in what concerns human rights and the persecution of political opposition and with subjects related to public freedoms. When a regime like that is allowed (or not completely opposed) to possessing nuclear weapons, this would create a grave threat to the world and it should be taken seriously.The duty of the international community is to responsibly deal with this responsibly, and to go through all the options that should stop the threat of a nuclear North Korea.REFERENCESAbramowitz, M. &   Lynch, C. (2006, October 10). U.S. Urges Sanctions on North Korea.    Washington Post. Retrieved October 10, 2006,  from:  http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-  Ã‚   dyn/content/article/2006/10/09/AR2006100900419_pf.htmlNaughton, P., & Knight, S. (2006, october 9). World searches for response to North Korea nuclear   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ‘test’. Times Online. Retrieved October 11, 2006 from:http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,3-2395600,00.htm lNichols, B. (2006, October 19). Condemnation swift, but options are limited. USA Today.   Ã‚   Retrieved October 11, 2006, from:  http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2006-10-09-nuke-test-reaction_x.htmHarrison, S. (2005, September 19). North Korea: A Nuclear Threat. Newsweek International.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Retrieved October 10, 2006, from:   http://msnbc.msn.com/id/15175633/site/newsweek/Pyongyang defiant over nuclear test. (2006, October 4). The Guardian. Retrieved October 10,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2006, from:   http://www.guardian.co.uk/korea/article/0,,1887353,00.html

Borrow Money - 756 Words

A Few Options to Borrow the Money You Need If you need to borrow money, you may be wondering what options are available to you. Of course, it will depend upon what you need the money for, and how much money you need. Other factors, depending upon the type of loan and lender, include such things as your credit report, and the type of security you are offering the lender for the loan. The following are a few reasons you may need money, and the type of loan that may be best for you. Youre short of cash until payday This happens to everybody. An unexpected expense occurs, and you dont know where you will get the money. All you need is a quick loan, and you will be able to pay it back when you get paid. You could try and get a loan from a†¦show more content†¦For example, they may lend you 85 percent of the cars value, so you will be responsible for the remaining 15 percent. This is to protect the lender in case you default on the loan. The car can be repossessed and sold to recover the some or all of the outstanding balance of the loan. The best time to shop for a car loan Most people shop for a car first, and then look for financing. Often they find out that they are not qualified for a loan for the car they want. It is for this reason that it is best to reverse the process. You should find out exactly how much money you qualify for, and then go shopping for a car that you can get a loan for. Of course, you can always buy something less than the maximum amount of the car loan you qualify for, but at least you will know which cars to pass on consideration. Pre-qualifying for a car loan is a big time saver. You want to take a vacation, bur are short of cash There is no reason to put off taking the vacation you want just because you are short of cash. You can get a personal loan, and then go have fun and relax on a much need vacation. A personal loan is an installment loan, so when you get back from your vacation, you will be making your first payment. These type of loans can often be financed for a few months, so you will have plenty of time to pay back the money. Canada Loans can be compared online. There are several sites where you can fill out your request for a quote, andShow MoreRelatedGovernment Should Borrow Money Pay Its Own Expenses1866 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction Sometimes the citizens of a country wondered whether the government should borrow money to pay its own expenses. Most people might think that if the government cannot collect enough money, then the government needs to tighten its belt but does not borrow money. If the main function of a government is to ensure the rule of law, why would the Government want to spend money? In addition, if the government borrows money, is it putting itself at risk of bankruptcy? 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